What is chronic administration?
What is chronic administration?
Chronic administration leads to hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis suppression. Chronic exogenous administration of corticosteroids provides a negative feedback to decrease corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release by the hypothalamus and the pituitary, respectively.
How does drugs affect the liver?
For example, drugs may damage the liver by directly damaging liver cells (hepatocellular), by blocking the flow of bile out of the liver (cholestatic), or by doing both.
Which drugs cause liver injury?
Other drugs that can lead to liver injury include:
- Amiodarone.
- Anabolic steroids.
- Birth control pills.
- Chlorpromazine.
- Erythromycin.
- Halothane (a type of anesthesia)
- Methyldopa.
- Isoniazid.
How does chronic liver disease affect drug metabolism?
14.9 Drug Metabolism and Disposition in Liver Disease Liver dysfunction not only reduces the clearance of a drug metabolized through hepatic enzymes or biliary mechanisms, but also affects plasma protein binding due to reduced synthesis of albumin and other drug-binding proteins.
What is a chronic drug?
Chronic Drug Use Definition It happens when recreational drug use is done repeatedly and routinely. The four central clinical features that define chronic drug use include: Compulsion-like repetitive drug-taking to the detriment of normal activities. An increase in tolerance for a drug.
What is acute administration?
Acute administration of virtually all drugs of abuse activates firing of neurons in key elements of the eward circuits outlined earlier. Acute administration of psychostimulants, opioids, alcohol, and nicotine all activate neurons in the nucleus accumbens and the central nucleus of the amygdala.
How does cirrhosis of the liver affect metabolism of drugs?
Cirrhosis causes changes in the architecture of the liver leading to changes in blood flow, protein binding, and drug metabolizing enzymes. Drug metabolizing enzymes are primarily decreased due to loss of liver tissue. However, not all enzyme activities are reduced and some are only altered in specific cases.
How does disease affect drug response?
The absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) of drugs can be influenced by the physiological and biochemical changes that occur due to various diseases. These changes can have dramatic influence on the exposure of drugs and lead to drug toxicity or lack of drug efficacy.
How does Drug Administration affect chronic liver disease?
Drug administration in chronic liver disease. Cirrhosis encompasses a range of pathophysiological changes that may alter drug disposition. Drugs that are dependent primarily on the liver for their systemic clearance are more likely to be subject to reduced elimination and subsequent accumulation.
What is the medical term for liver damage caused by drugs?
Doctors use the term drug-induced liver injury (DILI) to refer to any liver damage caused by drugs, whether it results in symptoms or not. The term also includes damage caused by medicinal herbs, plants, and nutritional supplements.
What is the pathophysiology of drug induced liver injury?
The pathophysiology of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) varies depending on the drug (or other hepatotoxin) and, in many cases, is not entirely understood.
What causes jaundice and liver failure after taking acetaminophen?
In the United States, such damage (often caused by acetaminophen poisoning) is one of the most common causes of the sudden appearance of jaundice, liver failure, or both. For other drugs, damage is unpredictable. It is detected some time after the drug is taken and is not related to the dose.
Drug administration in chronic liver disease. Cirrhosis encompasses a range of pathophysiological changes that may alter drug disposition. Drugs that are dependent primarily on the liver for their systemic clearance are more likely to be subject to reduced elimination and subsequent accumulation.
Doctors use the term drug-induced liver injury (DILI) to refer to any liver damage caused by drugs, whether it results in symptoms or not. The term also includes damage caused by medicinal herbs, plants, and nutritional supplements.
Are there any new drugs for chronic liver disease?
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved Doptelet (avatrombopag) tablets to treat low blood platelet count (thrombocytopenia) in adults with chronic liver disease who are scheduled to undergo a medical or dental procedure. This is the first drug approved by the FDA for this use.
The pathophysiology of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) varies depending on the drug (or other hepatotoxin) and, in many cases, is not entirely understood.